Demographic Politics in Preparing for a Golden Indonesia in 2045

Demographic Politics in Preparing for a Golden Indonesia in 2045 ; Ryan Nurdiana ;

Indonesia gets bonuses and challenges before heading to a golden Indonesia when it turns 100 years old in 2045. The Central Statistics Agency (BPS) projects Indonesia's population to reach 275.77 million people in 2022. Of these, as many as 190.98 million people (69.25%) fall into the productive age category (aged 15-64 years); Meanwhile, 84.8 million people (30.75%) are classified as unproductive age. This demographic bonus will peak around 2030 where the composition of Indonesia's population in that year will be dominated by the productive age group (Kusnandar, 2022). This means that the position of Indonesian youth in particular will greatly improve in the conditions of these years and become the capital of Human Resources in national development. This demographic bonus also has a bad impact if not prepared very well.(Anggono & Damaitu, 2021)

The demographic bonus is an opportunity for a country because of the large number of productive age population, as a workforce that can be used. The demographic bonus can spur economic growth to be very high. However, the demographic bonus can actually be a source of social conflict between classes in society. So an increase in the number of productive population must be followed by an increase in its quality. The demographic bonus must be optimized as much as possible for economic growth through modern human capital investment.

For this reason, the government needs to make efforts that can develop Indonesia's human resources.If not prepared, the demographic bonus actually becomes a boomerang to the state because it can become mass unemployment which is a burden on the State budget Low quality of maritime human resources due to the low quality of human resources produced by educational institutions, education costs, lack of manpower Quality educators, and low educational infrastructure .(Sitorus et al., 2022). Even though the quality of human resources is the main prerequisite in every development movement. The results of the World Competitiveness Year book Survey do show an increase in Indonesia's competitiveness ranking from 40th in 2019, to 34th in 2022 ( World Competitiveness Ranking, 2022)

Educational inequality due to geography and sociology, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. Competitiveness really requires the quality of human resources because human resources are able to drive productive sectors. The quality of Indonesian human resources is in the low category, and mainly this is due to the low quality. Here are some analyses on areas that are fundamental to the sustainability of preparations towards 1 century of independent Indonesia, including: Education

Education for a society functions as a social machine that is responsible for engineering its future, answering various problems of human life, and preserving the socio-cultural values and heritage where education is carried out. Indeed, Muslims have more than enough internal capital to carry out continuous renewal in the field of education. This capital is a very strict teaching that requires education and then glorious historical experience of managing quality education for many centuries.(Ardiwansyah, n.d.)

The modernization of education cannot be separated from the program of idea development and modernization of science and technology itself. The idea of the educational modernization agenda has its roots in the modernization program of thought and educational institutions as a whole. In other words, intellectual movements and educational institutions in Indonesia place science and technology as important in developing a portrait of education in Indonesia's border areas from year to year still faced with the same problem, namely the education gap. The gap is caused by infrastructure development and equitable distribution of educators that are not running properly and tend to have no improvement.This is marked by the difficulty of accessing education services, especially in 3T regions ( Terdepan,terluar, tertinggal). This solution can be collaborated with the education for sustainable development (ESD) program as an effort to equalize sustainable education in 3T areas. This program provides solutions to the problem of education equity in Indonesia. This program has a curriculum that is tailored to the potential of the 3T area, educators who are equipped with special skills according to the 3T area, an education system that demands the creativity of teachers and the local community, educator welfare that is improved than educators in urban areas, and the provision of adequate infrastructure and creates a family atmosphere between educators in the 3T area.(Rosmana et al., 2023)

With this program expected to be able to overcome the problem of education inequality in Indonesia in an effort to accelerate national education equity, comprehensive reform is needed, namely with the Sustainable Education Best Program (SEBsP): Efforts to equalize sustainable education in 3T regions. This program provides solutions to the problem of education equity in Indonesia. The advantages of this program are about a curriculum that is tailored to the potential of the 3T area, educators who are equipped with special skills according to the 3T area, an education system that demands the creativity of teachers and the local community, educator welfare that is improved than educators in urban areas, and the provision of adequate infrastructure and creates a family atmosphere between educators in the 3T area.

The quality of education in Indonesia is still relatively low and requires more serious attention. In 2023, based on data released by worldtop20.org, Indonesia's education ranking is ranked 67th out of a total of 209 countries worldwide. The Indonesian order is side by side with Albania which occupies the 66th position and Serbia in the 68th position. (International Education Database, 2023) The ranking is produced based on five levels of education in Indonesia, namely early childhood school enrollment rate of 68%, elementary school completion rate of 100%, secondary school completion rate of 91.19%, high school graduation rate of 78% and college graduation rate of 19%. (Aprilia, 2023)

Last year, namely 2022, Indonesia's education ranking was also the same, which was ranked 67th. This indicates that there is still a lack of improvement in the quality of education in Indonesia. Within 23 years to 100 years of Indonesia's independence, it is expected that the government will carry out meritocracy and good government work and provide a lot of budget for education. This effort should be considered as an investment in the future and not considered as a cost as if we look at countries like Japan and South Korea

The ability to understand the use of digital technology is needed so as not to cause problems in the future both to oneself and others. The ability to understand is a digital literacy skill that a person is not only able to operate tools but also able to use digital media responsibly. Digital technology that is often used is social media such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, WhatsApp, TikTok and others.(Husna et al., 2023)

The development of digital technology today has experienced significant progress marked by the fulfillment of almost all life activities using technology, starting in terms of business, economy, entertainment, transportation, communication, health, politics and even education with the online learning process. People can use laptops, mobile phones or anything that can Connected to the internet to carry out various desired activities, both adults and even children can even be proficient in using the technology. This condition certainly brings society to a more modern life on the one hand but gives social influence on the other. Without realizing it, the use of digital technology presents challenges not only for its users,

But it also opens up opportunities for a variety of issues.Inability in digital proficiency in the use of hardware and software causes the effect of using digital media that is not optimal. Lack of understanding of digital culture can lead to violations of citizens' digital rights in the form of hoaxes, hate speech, to slander. Low digital ethics have the opportunity to create an unpleasant digital space because there are many negative content. The fragility of digital security has the potential to leak personal data and digital fraud. Therefore comprehension ability or comprehension is required Digital literacy to provide a sense of security for all parties. Digital literacy is needed by all circles, including students, so that its use does not cause problems that can harm not only themselves and others. Understanding and ability to use digital applications in various social media such as youtube, facebook, whatsapp, instagram, twitter, tiktok and others are needed as a form of responsible personal.

In recent decades, information and communication technology has helped rapid industrial growth, promoted efficiencies in government, and business operations, and developed an important foundation for a technology-based economy. ICTs have the ability to change the way society does things, such as faster access to relevant information, efficient means of communication, improved ability to communicate, as well as making informed decisions. Indonesia's ICT development has shown positive developments in the last five years, as illustrated by an increase in the value of the ICT Development Index. In 2018, the ICT Development Index value was recorded at 5.07 and continued to increase until 2022 with a value reaching 5.85. Overall, the increase in the index occurred in five years by 0.78 points. Furthermore, the increase in the value of the index between years looks quite variable. The largest increase in the index value occurred from 2019 to 2020, which increased by 0.27 points. This period is the initial phase of the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. The policy to prevent the spread of Covid-19 encouraged people to stay at home and carry out activities online, so ICT equipment such as mobile phones and the internet became very important needs at that timeIn general, the provincial ICT Development Index has increased from 2021 to 2022 which illustrates the improvement of ICT development in provinces in Indonesia. Of the 34 provinces in Indonesia, there are three provinces that have decreased the ICT Development Index in 2022, namely DKI Jakarta, North Sulawesi, and Papua Provinces. The policy of reducing free Wi-Fi points (JakWifi) in DKI Jakarta Province in 2022, resulted in a decrease in the level of ICT use, especially internet users. For the past three years, DKI Jakarta has become the province with the highest ICT Development Index value in Indonesia, which is 7.64 in 2022. Meanwhile, the province with the lowest ICT Development Index is Papua, which is 3.22 in 2022. The ICT development gap tends to increase as indicated by the widening gap between the highest and lowest ICT Development Index values. In 2021, the gap between the highest and lowest ICT Development Index was 4.31 and this gap widened in 2022 to 4.42.(BPS :2023)

Indonesia is a developing country and the economic development activities carried out aim to reduce existing economic problems. Economic development will continue to grow if it is carried out in accordance with the right flow to match its goals and objectives. This is done through the path of industrialization. Industrial manufacturing almost always gets a major priority in the development plans of developing countries. This industrial sector is made a leader which means that by carrying out industrial development will increase other sectors in services and agriculture

In addition, Indonesia is also known as an archipelagic country which is a term derived from the decision of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea which means an island state whose territory consists of one or more large archipelagic groups and can include other islands. On the land in these waters contained very abundant resources. This condition is actually a great wealth asset for the people. Resource and industrial management are key success factors in driving industry growth. The growth rate of industry in a region will depend on internal and related relations and synergies between various sectors that contribute effectively to each other.(Harahap et al., 2023)

Referring to the report of the national statistics agency which shows the condition of the Indonesian economy can be described through the structure and rate of economic growth obtained from GDP indicators. Indonesia's economic structure shows the contribution of each business field as well as the expenditure component in the formation of GDP in terms of business fields, Indonesia's economic structure tends to remain unchanged during the 2017-2021 period. The processing industry is still a business field that dominates the Indonesian economy. Other business fields that contribute greatly to the Indonesian economy sequentially are Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries as well as Wholesale Trade and Retail-Repair of Cars and Motorcycles. In 2021, the contribution of each of these business fields to the Indonesian economy was 19.25 percent; 13.28 percent; and 12.97 percent

In terms of expenditure, the structure of the Indonesian economy has not experienced significant changes during the 2017-2021 period. During the five-year period, the Household Consumption Expenditure Component has always been the largest contributor to the Indonesian economy. In 2021, the household consumption expenditure component contributed 54.42 percent, covering more than half of Indonesia's GDP. After that, there are Gross Fixed Capital Formation (PMTB) and Export of Goods and Services components, each of which contributes to the Indonesian economy by 30.81 percent and 21.56 percent. (BPS, 2023)

When viewed within the scope of ASEAN, Indonesia experienced an acceleration in the growth rate in 2021. ASEAN-5 consisting of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines managed to grow positively by 4.92 percent after contracting by 3.39 percent. The highest economic growth rate occurred in Singapore at 7.61 percent after contracting by 4.14 percent. Meanwhile, Myanmar actually experienced a contraction in the growth rate of 8.89 percent after in 2020 managed to maintain positive growth of 3.19 percent. This position is very good where in the previous year all countries experienced the COVID-19 pandemic which made the economy decline.In the future, Indonesia must become a major part of the global economic power which of course must be prepared by human resources to be able to process various natural resources contained in the land and waters. So if this development plan is implemented well, then the future of Indonesia can actually be bright in the equatorial hemisphere.